Coin CdN 2012-1-50 - Pb alloy - Late roman times - Switzerland

Coin CdN 2012-1-50 - Pb alloy - Late roman times - Switzerland

Coin CdN 2012-1-50

Naima. Gutknecht (HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland) & Valentina. Valbi (Laboratoire Métallurgie et Culture LMC-IRAMAT-CNRS-UTBM, Belfort, Franche-Comté, France) & Rey-Bellet. Bernadette (Musée d'art et d'histoire, Genève, Genève, Geneva, Switzerland)

Contact the author Share Print
/artefacts/1426/
Credit MAHG, B.Rey-Bellet.

Fig. 1: Views of both sides of a coin from the "Peney hoard" with white, green and blue corrosion products,

Coin with white, green and blue corrosion products. Diameter: about 1.2cm.

coin

Peney, Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

1960

Late roman times

Soil

Musée d'art et d'histoire, Genève, Geneva

Musée d'art et d'histoire, Genève, Geneva

CdN 2012-1-50

No conservation treatment reported

Complementary information

Object recovered in 1960 at Peney, Geneva, Switzerland in a hoard containing 4000 coins. Around 1400 coins from the hoard are conserved at the Art and History Museum of Geneva.

Credit MAHG, B.Rey-Bellet/ HE-Arc CR, N.Gutknecht.

Fig. 2: Location of the sampling for cross-section,

The schematic representation below gives an overview of the corrosion structure encountered on the coin from a first visual macroscopic observation.

 

Stratum Type of stratum Principal characteristics
CP1 Corrosion product Layer, dark green, thin, scattered, compact, soft
CP2 Corrosion product Layer, blue, thin, scattered, compact, soft
CP3 Corrosion product Layer, light brown, thin, discontinuous, non-compact, soft
CP4 Corrosion product Layer, dark red, thick, continuous, compact, very soft
M1 Metal Grey, metallic, soft


Table 1: Description of the principal characteristics of the strata as observed under binocular microscope according to Bertholon's method.

Credit HE-Arc CR, N.Gutknecht.

Fig. 3: Stratigraphic representation of the corrosion structure of the coin by macroscopic and binocular observation with indication of the corrosion structure used to build the MiCorr stratigraphy of Fig. 4 (red square),

Fig. 4: Stratigraphic representation of the corrosion structure of the coin observed macroscopically under binocular microscope using the MiCorr application. The characteristics of the strata are only accessible by clicking on the drawing that redirects you to the search tool by stratigraphy representation, Credit MAHG, B.Rey-Bellet/HE-Arc CR, N.Gutknecht.
Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi.

Fig. 5: Micrograph of the cross-section of the sample taken from the coin (Fig. 2) in dark field showing the location of Fig. 7,

The cross-section corresponds to a cut of the coin in half (Fig. 2) and is representative of the entire thickness of the coin's body. A metallic core is present below the corrosion layers (Fig. 6).

Pb alloy

None

B50

Musée d'art et d'histoire, Genève, Geneva

Musée d'art et d'histoire, Genève, Geneva

June 2021

Complementary information

None.

Analyses performed:

Non-invasive approach

- XRF with handheld portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (NITON XL3t 950 Air GOLDD+, Thermo Fischer®). General Metal mode, acquisition time 60s (filters: Li20/Lo20/M20).

Invasive approach (on the sample)

- Optical microscopy: the sample is polished, then it is observed on a numerical microscope KEYENCE VHX-7000 in bright and dark field.

- Metallography: the polished sample is etched with alcoholic ferric chloride and observed by optical microscopy in bright field.

- SEM-EDS: the sample is coated with a carbon layer and analyses are performed on a SEM-FEG JEOL 7001-F equipped with a silicon-drift EDS Oxford detector (Aztec analysis software) with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV and probe current at about 9 nA. The relative error is considered of about 10% for content range <1mass%, and of 2% for content range of >1mass%. 

- µ-Raman spectroscopy: it is performed on a HORIBA Labram Xplora spectrometer equipped with a 532 nm laser with 1800 grating, the laser power employed is between 0.04 and 0.55 mW with acquisition time varying between 1 and 5 minutes.

The XRF analysis of coin CdN 2012-1-50 was carried out before sampling. All strata, from soil and corrosion products to metal, are analyzed at the same time. The metal is presumably a copper-lead-tin alloy, while the other elements detected (Si, P) are from the environment.

 

Elements mass %
Pb 84
Cu 10
Sn 1
Si <1
P <1


Table 2: Chemical composition of the surface of coin CdN 2012-1-50. Method of analysis: XRF, General Metal mode, acquisition time 60s (filters: Li20/LO20/M20). The results are rounded up to the nearest whole number, UR-Arc CR.

EDX analysis of the residual metal on cross-section indicates that this coin is made of almost pure lead (Table 3). An horizontal central crack can be observed on the right side of the sample, as well as in the middle of the sample, leading to a more advanced corrosion. This crack could be a sign of a not completed welding of the object obtained by folding of a lead sheet.

Elements wt%
Pb 93
Sn 0.5
Cu <0.5


Table 3: Chemical composition (wt%) of the alloy over a general area of analysis, LMC-IRAMAT-CNRS-UTBM.


It was not possible to perform metallographic analysis of the residual metal.

Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi.

Fig. 6: Micrograph of the cross-section of the sample taken from the coin (Fig.2), similar to Fig. 5, in bright field,

None

Pb

Complementary information

None.

The observation of the sample in dark field mode (Fig.7) shows the presence of an external discontinuous blue CP1 layer, a white CP2 layer and a thick internal red/orange CP3 layer.

The EDX elemental analysis (Table 4, Fig.8) of the visually identified CPs by cross-sectional observation (Fig. 7) shows that the external CP1 is a Cu-based compound, while the white CP2 and the orange CP3 are lead-based corrosion products.

µ-Raman analyses were performed on the identified strata (Fig. 9). The Raman spectrum obtained on the blue CP1 layer corresponds to the one of azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2). The Raman spectrum obtained on the white CP2 corresponds to cerussite (PbCO3), while the orange/red CP3 layer corresponds to litharge (PbO).

 

Elements CP1  CP2  CP3 
O 28 14 6
Si < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5
P < 0.5 n.d. n.d.
Ca < 0.5 1 n.d.
Cu 64 2 < 0.5
Sn 1 n.d. 1
Pb 6 83 93
Total 100 100 100


Table 4: Chemical composition (wt %) of the corrosion layers over a general area of analysis in cross-section (n.d.: below the detection limit), LMC-IRAMAT-CNRS-UTBM.

Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi.

Fig. 7: Micrograph of the sample from Fig. 5 (detail), unetched, dark field. The CPs strata are identified, as well as the SEM-EDS area of analysis reported in Fig. 8,

Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi.

Fig. 8: SEM image, BSE-mode, and elemental chemical distribution of the detail of Fig. 7,

Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi.

Fig. 9: Raman points of analysis from Fig. 7 and spectra overlapped with reference spectra of litharge (RRUFFID=R060959), cerussite (RRUFFID=R060017) and azurite (RRUFFID=R050497),

Uniform

None

Complementary information

None.

Fig. 10: Stratigraphic representation of the sample of the coin CDN 2012-1-50 observed in cross-section under dark field using the MiCorr application. The characteristics of the strata are only accessible by clicking on the drawing that redirects you to the search tool by stratigraphy representation. This representation was build according to Fig. 7, Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi

The stratigraphies obtained by binocular and cross-section observation show a few differences that can be attributed to the different scales of observation and can be easily compared. 

The green CP1 observed by binocular is not present in the CS stratigraphy even though a light green coloration can be observed on the external white stratum in Fig.7, which was not interpreted as a separate layer because it did not correspond to a significant difference in composition. However, the green coloration can be seen more clearly in other parts of the sample (Fig.5) and is in fact documented by binocular, which allows to build a stratigraphy representative of the whole object.

For the rest of the corrosion structure, a direct correspondence can found. The blue CP2 observed by binocular corresponds to the blue azurite CP1 observed by CS, the light brown CP3 observed by binocular corresponds to the white/brown cerussite CP2 in CS, the red thick CP4 by binocular corresponds to the orange/dark brown litharge CP3 in CS.

Credit LMC-CNRS, V.Valbi/HE-Arc CR, N.Gutknecht.

Fig. 11: Stratigraphic representation side by side of binocular view and cross-section (dark field),

This coin is made of almost pure lead and shows typical lead corrosion products, litharge lead oxide and cerussite lead carbonate. The blue external stratum of azurite, as well as the green stratum (presumably malachite), are probably a pollution from adjacent Cu-based coins belonging to the same treasury. Two other coins from the same corpus are documented in MiCorr, they both are made of Cu-based alloys, and azurite and malachite were present as corrosion products.

References on object and sample

1. MiCorr_Coin CdN 2012-1-55
2. MiCorr_Coin CdN 2012-1-57

References on analytical methods and interpretation

3. Lafuente, B., Downs, R. T., Yang, H., Stone, N. (2015) The power of databases: the RRUFF project. In: Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, T. Armbruster and R. M. Danisi, eds. Berlin, Germany, W. De Gruyter, 1-30.
4. Scott, D. (2006) Metallography and microstructure of ancient and historic metals. J Paul Getty Museum Publications.
5. Švadlena J., Prošek T., Strachotová KC., Kouřil M. (2020). Chemical Removal of Lead Corrosion Products. Materials, 12 (24), 5672.
6. Quaranta M., Catelli E., Prati S., Sciutto G., Mazzeo R. (2014) Chinese archaeological artefacts: Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of high-leaded bronzes. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15 (3), 283-291.