Blade fragment of a winged axe FK43 - Tin Bronze - Middle Bronze Age - Switzerland

Blade fragment of a winged axe FK43 - Tin Bronze - Middle Bronze Age - Switzerland

Blade fragment of a winged axe FK43

Marianne. Senn (Empa, Dübendorf, Zurich, Switzerland) & Christian. Degrigny (HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland)

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Credit KA Zürich.

Fig. 1: Blade fragment of winged axe. The drilling on the right picture was carried out at a later stage and does not form part of the original object,

Blade fragment of a semi-finished median-winged axe. Its surface is covered with a thick dark green corrosion crust (Fig. 1). Dimensions: L = 20mm; Tmax. = 8.5mm; WT = 15g.

Tool

Obstgartenstrasse, Erlenbach, Zurich, Switzerland

Excavation 1980.002

Middle Bronze Age

Soil

Kantonsarchäologie, Dübendorf, Zurich

Kantonsarchäologie, Dübendorf, Zurich

FK43

N/A

Complementary information

None.

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 2: Location of sampling area (arrow, left picture) and side view (right picture),

None. 

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 3: Micrograph of the cross-section of the sample taken from the blade fragment of the winged axe showing the location of Figs. 4 to 9,

The sample was cut from the fragment shown in Fig. 2. The cross-section is rectangular in shape (L = 17mm, W= 4mm) and has a thick corrosion crust (Figs. 2 and 3).

Tin Bronze

As-cast

ERL-43

Begbroke Science Park (Peter Northover), Yarnton, England

Kantonsarchäologie, Dübendorf, Zurich

Date unknown, metallography and chemical analyses

Complementary information

None.

Analyses performed:
Metallography (etched with ferric chloride reagent), Vickers hardness testing, SEM/EDS, EPMA/WDS, Raman spectroscopy.

None.

The remaining metal is a tin bronze containing some As (Table 1) with high porosity and grey copper sulphide inclusions (Figs. 4 and 5, Table 2). The etched metal has the typical dendritic structure of a cast tin bronze with an average hardness of HV1 135 (Fig. 6). The cored dendritic structure is surrounded by an alpha-delta eutectoid. The core of the dendrites is rich in Cu whereas the outer layers are rich in Sn.

Elements Cu Sn As Fe Ni Pb Sb Co Ag Au Zn Bi Si
mass% 85.14 11.95 1.54 0.49 0.39 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.02 < < n. d.

Table 1: Chemical composition of the metal. Method of analysis: EPMA/WDS, Lab Department of Materials, University of Oxford.

Elements

 Cu S Fe Total
Dark-grey inclusion 66 24 10 100

Table 2: Chemical composition (mass  %) of the dark-grey inclusions seen in Fig. 4. Method of analysis: SEM/EDS, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Empa.

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 4: SEM image of the metal sample from Fig. 3 (detail), BSE-mode. The cored alpha phase of the dendrites appears in grey, becoming lighter towards the periphery (more Sn). The alpha-delta eutectoid appears in white and the copper sulphide inclusions in dark-grey,

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 5: Micrograph of the metal sample from Fig. 3, etched, bright field. We observe the eutectoid phase in light grey and copper sulphide inclusions in dark-grey,

Dendritic structure + strain lines (metal surface)

Cu

Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sn, Sb, Pb

Complementary information

None.

A dark green corrosion crust with a thickness between 100 and 320µm covers the entire surface of the blade fragment (Fig. 6). It retains a metallic ghost structure (Sn-rich eutectoid alpha + delta phase). Under polarized light localized orange and red corrosion products can be seen at the metal - corrosion crust interface (Fig. 7). Interdendritic corrosion and corroded slip lines can be seen in the metal structure and near fissures (Fig. 8). Elemental mapping (Fig. 9) shows that the green layer is Sn-rich (CP1, probably cassiterite, SnO2) and depleted of Cu, whereas the orange and red corrosion aggregates are depleted of Sn and rich in Cu (Fig. 9, Table 3). Their Raman spectra indicate that they are mainly composed of cuprite (Fig. 10). The overall corrosion crust contains O, Si, C and Fe from the environment, while S is concentrated around the cuprite particles (Fig. 9).

Elements

 O Si P Fe Ni Cu As Sn Total
Surface CP1 43 0.8 < 6.2 < 16 1 43 111
Middle CP1 42 1.7 0.7 12 < 10 0.7 43 110
Red/orange CP in CM1 41 0.9 < 4.4 < 36 < 22 104
Remnant metal phase 9 0.7 < 5 0.8 34 < 47 97

Table 3: Chemical composition (mass %) of the corrosion crust from Fig. 9. Method of analysis: SEM/EDS, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Empa.

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 6: Micrograph of the metal sample from Fig. 3 (rotated 180°), unetched, bright field. A metallic ghost structure is preserved in the corrosion crust. The area selected for elemental chemical distribution (Fig. 9) is marked by a red rectangle,

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 7: Micrograph similar to Fig. 6 and corresponding to the stratigraphy of Fig. 11, polarised light. At the metal - green corrosion crust interface red and orange corrosion products can be seen,

Credit HE-Arc CR.

Fig. 8: Micrograph of the metal sample from Fig. 3 (detail), unetched, bright field. Metal with slip lines outlined by the corrosion,

Credit Empa.

Fig. 9: SEM image, SE-mode, and elemental chemical distribution of the selected area of Fig. 6 (reversed picture rotated by 270°). Method of examination: SEM/EDS, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Empa,

Credit SNM.

Fig. 10: Raman spectrum of a red-orange corrosion particle (S42) of Fig. 7 compared to the cuprite standard spectrum. Settings: laser wavelength 532nm, acquisition time 10s, one accumulation, filter D2 (0.75-0.8mW), hole 500, slit 80, grating 600. Method of analysis: Raman spectroscopy, Lab of Swiss National Museum, Affoltern a. Albis ZH,

Uniform - selective

Type I (Robbiola)

Complementary information

None.

Fig. 11: Stratigraphic representation of the sample taken from the blade fragment of the winged axe in cross-section (dark field) using the MiCorr application. The characteristics of the strata are only accessible by clicking on the drawing that redirects you to the search tool by stratigraphy representation. This representation can be compared to Fig. 7, Credit HE-Arc CR.

None.

The evenly corroded tin bronze contains numerous sulphide inclusions and shows signs of interdendritic corrosion penetrating the metal structure. The Sn enriched surface is decuprified and polluted by the environmental elements such as O, Si, Fe, C, Al (?) and Cl (?). The corrosion crust is composed mainly of a dark green layer with local orange-red cuprite aggregates at the interface with the remaining metal. Both the remnant metallic phases and the Sn-rich corrosion layer can be interpreted as inferior markers, defining the limit of the original surface which is located above. For the above mentioned reasons, the corrosion is thought to be of type 1 according to Robbiola et al. 1998.

References on object and sample

Reference object
1. Fischer, C. (1997) Innovation und Tradition in der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit. Monographien der Kantonsarchäologie Zürich 28, Zürich, 168.

Reference sample
2. Northover, P. (1997) Metalworking waste from Erlenbach-Obstgartenstrasse. In: Fischer, C. Innovation und Tradition in der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit. Monographien der Kantonsarchäologie Zürich 28, Zürich, 99-101.

References on analytic methods and interpretation

3. Bertholon, R. (2001) Characterization and location of the original surface of corroded archaeological objects. Surface Engineering, 17 (3), 241-245.
4. Robbiola, L., Blengino, J-M., Fiaud, C. (1998) Morphology and mechanisms of formation of natural patinas on archaeological Cu-Sn alloys, Corrosion Science, 40, 12, 2083-2111.