Axe head N11 - Tin Bronze - Bronze Age

Axe head N11 - Tin Bronze - Bronze Age

Axe head N11

Christian. Degrigny (HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland) & Valentin. Boissonnas (HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland)

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Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig. 1: Axe head n°11,

Axe head covered with a brown patina (Fig. 1). A uniform darker green corrosion product as well as a green powdery corrosion product appear locally in some areas. Dimensions: L = 90 mm; W max = 40 mm ; WT = 154.32 g.

Tool

Unknown

Unknown

Bronze Age

Soil

Neues Museum, Biel/Bienne

Neues Museum, Biel/Bienne

N11

The object might have been treated in the past.

Complementary information

None.

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig. 2: General view of the axe head showing the location of sample 1 (Fig. 4),

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig 3: Side view of the axe head showing the location of sample 2 (Fig. 5), sample 3 (Fig. 6) and sample 4 (Fig. 7),

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig 4: Local corrosion (diameter: 2 mm) where sample 1 has been taken,

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig. 5: Local corrosion (length max: 30 mm) where sample 2 has been taken,

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig. 6: Local corrosion (length max: 10 mm) where sample 3 has been taken,

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Forster.

Fig 7: Green dark corrosion layer where sample 4 has been taken,

The schematic representation below gives an overview of the corrosion layers encountered on the head axe from a first visual macroscopic observation.

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Foster.

Fig. 8: Stratigraphic representation of corrosion products of the axe head (based on visual observations),

Fig. 9: Stratigraphic representation of the axe (sample 3) under binocular using the MiCorr application. The characteristics of the strata are only accessible by clicking on the drawing that redirects you to the search tool by stratigraphy representation. This presentation can be compared to Fig. 18. CP1 corresponds to CP1c, Credit HE-Arc CR, C.Degrigny.
Fig. 10: Stratigraphic representation. of the axe (sample 4) under binocular using the MiCorr application. The characteristics of the strata are only accessible by clicking on the drawing that redirects you to the search tool by stratigraphy representation. This presentation can be compared to Fig. 18. CP1 corresponds to CP1a, Credit HE-Arc CR, C.Degrigny.
Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Foster.

Fig. 11: Location of the samples on the stratigraphic representation of Fig. 8 with indication of the corresponding figures,

Particles were sampled (Figs. 4-7) with a scalpel from the areas where local corrosion has developed.

Tin Bronze

Unknown

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HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel

HE-Arc CR, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel

March 04, 2013, chemical and structural analysis

Complementary information

None.

Analyses performed: 
SEM-EDS, FTIR. The FTIR device used is a Biorad Excalibur FTS 3000 spectrometer coupled to an IR microscope UMA500. The measurements were performed between 4000 and 650 cm-1.

None.

SEM/EDS analysis of corroded particles indicates that the alloy might be composed of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) with some arsenic (As). The core metal is most likely a tin bronze.

Unknown

Cu

As, Sn

Complementary information

None.

Analyses by SEM/EDS indicate that the light yellow particles of sample 1 are predominantly composed of Sn and O with minor presence of C, Cu, Fe, S, Cl and As (Fig. 12), while the green and red particles of sample 2 are respectively composed of O, Cu, Cl, and Sn, with a minor presence of Fe and S (Fig. 13) and Cu, O (Fig. 14, possibly cuprite). Sample 3 consists of green particles composed mostly of Sn, Cl, Cu and O with S, Al and Fe as minor elements (Fig. 15). Sample 4 is constituted of green and white particles. The former have the same composition as the particles of sample 3 while the white particles are significantly different in composition: containing a large amount of C with a small amount of O, Cl, S, K and Cu (Fig. 16). The FTIR spectrum of the white particles (Fig. 17) shows several characteristic peaks of an organic compound: 2919 cm-1 and 2850 cm-1 (C-H- bond), 3445 cm-1 and 3323 cm-1 (O-H- bond) or 1030cm-1, 1006cm-1 and 951cm-1 (C-O-C- bond). 

 

Sample / particles

Major elements

Minor elements

Green powdery corrosion product

Sample 1

Sn + O

C + Cu + Fe + S + Cl + As

Sample 2 – CP1c (Fig. 11) - Green particles

O + Cu + Cl + Sn

Fe + S

Sample 2 – CP2 (Fig.11) - Red-brown particles

Cu + O

 

Sample 3 - CP1c (Fig. 11)

Sn + Cl+ Cu + O

S + Al + Fe

Darker green corrosion product

Sample 4 – CP1a (Fig. 11) - Green particles

Cl + Sn + Cu + O

S + C

Sample 4 – CP1a (Fig. 11) - White particles

C

O + Cl + S + K + Cu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1: Identification of chemical elements in the corrosion products on the head axe. Method of analysis: SEM/EDS, HEI-Arc.

Credit HEI Arc, S.Ramseyer.

Fig, 12: EDS spectrum of sample 1 (yellow powder),

Credit HEI Arc, S.Ramseyer.

Fig. 13: EDS spectrum of sample 2 (green particle),

Credit HEI Arc, S.Ramseyer.

Fig. 14: EDS spectrum of sample 2 (red particle),

Credit HEI Arc, S.Ramseyer.

Fig. 15: EDS spectrum of sample 3 (green corrosion product),

Credit HEI Arc, S.Ramseyer.

Fig. 16: EDS spectrum of sample 4 (white particle),

Credit Lab of Swiss National Museum, Affoltern am Albis.

Fig. 17: FTIR spectrum of sample 4 (white particle),

Multiform - pitting

Unknown

Complementary information

None.

The schematic representation of corrosion layers of Fig. 8 integrating additional information based on the analyses carried out is given in Fig. 18.

Credit HE-Arc CR, E.Foster

Fig. 18: Improved stratigraphic representation of a virtual cross-section through the axe head based on visual observations and additional analyses and visualization of the two stratigraphies of Figs. 9 and 10.

The axe head is probably a tin bronze containing a small amount of As. It is difficult to interpret the corrosion layer only by macroscopic observation. The analyses show that all green corrosion products contain chlorides that might originate from strip-cleaning by hydrochloric acid (although not documented). Active corrosion is not proved but we suspect the presence of atacamite, paratacamite or clinoatacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3). FTIR revealed the presence of an organic compound on the metal surface (possibly a protective coating).

References on analytic methods and interpretation

1. Bertholon, R. (2000) La limite de la surface d’origine des objets métalliques archéologiques. Caractérisation, localisation et approche des mécanismes de conservation. ©Régis Bertholon, Paris. 
2. Degrigny, C. and Senn, M. (2012) Methodology to study and analyse the microstructures and corrosion forms of ancient and historic metals: application to metallographic samples from Swiss collections MIFAC-Métal. Projet Sagex, Final Report, Haute école de conservation-restauration ARC, Neuchâtel.  
3. Selwyn, L. (2004) Métaux et corrosion Un manuel pour le professionnel de la conservation. Institut Canadien de Conservation, Ottawa.